Stool microbiota and vaccine responses of infants.
Abstract
Pediatrics. 2014 Aug;134(2):e362-72. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3937. Epub 2014 Jul 7.
Huda MN1, Lewis Z2, Kalanetra KM2, Rashid M3, Ahmad SM3, Raqib R3, Qadri F3, Underwood MA4, Mills DA2, Stephensen CB5.
Author information
1US Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis California;International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and.
2Departments of Viticulture and Enology, and.
3International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; and.
4Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
5US Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis California; charles.stephensen@ars.usda.gov.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Oral vaccine efficacy is low in less-developed countries, perhaps due to intestinal dysbiosis. This study determined if stool microbiota composition predicted infant oral and parenteral vaccine responses.
METHODS:
The stool microbiota of 48 Bangladeshi infants was characterized at 6, 11, and 15 weeks of age by amplification and sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene V4 region and by Bifidobacterium-specific, quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Responses to oral polio virus (OPV), bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), tetanus toxoid (TT), and hepatitis B virus vaccines were measured at 15 weeks by using vaccine-specific T-cell proliferation for all vaccines, the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin-test response for BCG, and immunoglobulin G responses using the antibody in lymphocyte supernatant method for OPV, TT, and hepatitis B virus. Thymic index (TI) was measured by ultrasound.
RESULTS:
Actinobacteria (predominantly Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis) dominated the stool microbiota, with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increasing by 15 weeks. Actinobacteria abundance was positively associated with T-cell responses to BCG, OPV, and TT; with the delayed-type hypersensitivity response; with immunoglobulin G responses; and with TI. B longum subspecies infantis correlated positively with TI and several vaccine responses. Bacterial diversity and abundance of Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, and Clostridiales were associated with neutrophilia and lower vaccine responses.
CONCLUSIONS:
Bifidobacterium predominance may enhance thymic development and responses to both oral and parenteral vaccines early in infancy, whereas deviation from this pattern, resulting in greater bacterial diversity, may cause systemic inflammation (neutrophilia) and lower vaccine responses. Vaccine responsiveness may be improved by promoting intestinal bifidobacteria and minimizing dysbiosis early in infancy.
Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.
KEYWORDS:
Actinobacteria; Bangladesh; Bifidobacterium; Proteobacteria; T lymphocyte; antibody; hepatitis; intestinal; microbiota; polio; tetanus; tuberculosis; vaccine
PMID:
25002669
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID:
PMC4187229
Free PMC Article
